Proximate, Mineral, and Vitamin Composition of Psidium guajava (Guava) Roots: Nutritional Profiling and Potential Applications as a Functional Food Ingredient

Goodness Oluwadamilola Kolawole — 2026-06-03

Medicinal plants are valuable sources of bioactive compounds with significant therapeutic potential. Psidium guajava (guava), a widely used tropical medicinal plant, is well-known for its phytochemical richness. However, while the leaves and fruits have been extensively studied, the roots remain underexplored. This study aimed to determine the proximate composition, mineral content, and vitamin profile of Psidium guajava root extract to evaluate its nutritional potential and applications as a functional food ingredient. Fresh guava roots were collected, air-dried, powdered, and extracted using methanol by maceration. Proximate analysis was carried out according to AOAC (2005) methods. Mineral contents (Ca, Mg, K, P, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy, while vitamin levels were analyzed using standard spectrophotometric and titration methods. Results showed exceptionally high crude fiber content (52.83 ± 0.21%), moderate carbohydrate (18.60 ± 0.14%) and protein (11.58 ± 0.44%), low fat (0.20 ± 0.01%), and ash (4.48 ± 0.14%). Mineral analysis revealed an extraordinarily high calcium level (11.148 ± 40.647 mg/100g), along with potassium (4.168 ± 0.083 mg/100g), phosphorus (2.162 ± 0.012 mg/100g), magnesium (0.792 ± 0.011 mg/100g), and trace amounts of iron, zinc, manganese, and copper. Vitamins detected include vitamin E (11.58 ± 0.44 µg/100g), vitamin C (0.454 ± 0.024 mg/100g), and vitamin A (1.036 ± 0.078 µg/100g). The findings demonstrate that Psidium guajava roots possess a unique nutritional profile rich in dietary fiber and calcium. This supports its potential use as a natural dietary supplement and functional food ingredient for promoting digestive and bone health, while providing baseline data for further nutraceutical development.

Space Weather Conditions Associated with Highly Perturbed Interplanetary Conditions and the Heliospheric Relaxation Phase During Solar Cycle 24

C.M. Tiwari — 2026-06-10

Space weather conditions are strongly influenced by variations in interplanetary parameters and Solar Cycle (SC) dynamics. SC 24 exhibited distinct phases of heliospheric relaxation and highly perturbed interplanetary conditions, providing a unique framework for analysis. Understanding these contrasting phases is essential for evaluating factors associated with geomagnetic activity and their impact on the near-Earth environment. This study aims to examine the relationship between solar activity, interplanetary parameters, and geomagnetic responses, and to identify the primary physical mechanisms governing space weather during this cycle.

A dataset (Annual average) covering SC 24 was analysed using solar activity indices (sunspot number and F10.7 flux), interplanetary parameters (IMF magnitude (Scalar B), solar wind speed, plasma temperature, and proton density), and geomagnetic indices (Dst, Kp, Ap, AE, AL, AU). The data were obtained from NGDC/NOAA, and WDC Kyoto. Statistical methods (correlation coefficient, regression analysis) were applied to evaluate parameter relationships

Solar activity proxies are strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.67) but exhibit weak correlations with geomagnetic indices. In contrast, interplanetary parameters, particularly IMF strength and solar wind speed, show stronger control over geomagnetic activity. During the deep minimum (2008-2009), IMF (Scalar B) decreased to 3.89 nT and solar wind speed to 360 km s^-1, while during the maximum phase, values increased only modestly (Scalar B = 5.71 nT, V = 420 km s^-1). The AE index increased significantly from 68 nT to 177 nT, whereas Dst remained relatively weak (-10 to -12 nT), indicating suppressed ring current activity. Additionally, proton density showed negligible correlation with geomagnetic indices despite a strong correlation with the Alfvén Mach number (r = 0.99).

The results suggest that coronal mass ejections during SC 24 were associated with propagation through a comparatively low-pressure heliospheric environment, a condition that may have contributed to enhanced expansion and reduced magnetic field strength at 1 AU. This interpretation is consistent with the observed reduction in CME geo-effectiveness during the cycle. Consequently, the relatively low occurrence of intense geomagnetic storms appears to be linked to weakened interplanetary magnetic conditions, while moderate and persistent geomagnetic disturbances were more strongly associated with recurrent corotating interaction regions and high-speed solar wind streams.

SC 24 demonstrates a shift in space weather dynamics, where interplanetary conditions dominate over solar activity proxies in controlling geomagnetic responses. These findings highlight the need to incorporate heliospheric background conditions into forecasting models. Future studies should focus on multi-point observations and advanced modelling approaches to improve space weather prediction under low solar activity conditions.

Asian Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences

Proximate, Mineral, and Vitamin Composition of Psidium guajava (Guava) Roots: Nutritional Profiling and Potential Applications as a Functional Food Ingredient

Space Weather Conditions Associated with Highly Perturbed Interplanetary Conditions and the Heliospheric Relaxation Phase During Solar Cycle 24